# PT-141 References: The Cited Literature | PT-141

> PT-141 references: the full cited literature behind this site — the mechanism papers, the RECONNECT Phase 3 trials, the fMRI study, and the FDA label, with DOIs.

Every quantitative claim on this site maps to one of these sources.

## How to read this list

Each numbered entry below corresponds to the inline citations throughout the site. Peer-reviewed studies carry a DOI and a PubMed link; the regulatory source links to the structured product label. Where a finding is preliminary (a conference abstract) or under editorial concern, the site flags it in the body text rather than presenting it as settled.

## References

[1] Molinoff PB, Shadiack AM, Earle D, Diamond LE, Quon CY. PT-141: a melanocortin agonist for the treatment of sexual dysfunction. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;994:96-102. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12851303/
[2] Pfaus J, Shadiack A, Van Soest T, Tse M, Molinoff P. Selective facilitation of sexual solicitation in the female rat by a melanocortin receptor agonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:10201-10204. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15226502/
[3] Kingsberg SA, Clayton AH, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Simon JA. Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):899-908. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31599840/
[4] Simon JA, Kingsberg SA, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Clayton AH. Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):909-917. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31599847/
[5] Thurston L, Hunjan T, Mills EG, Wall MB, Ertl N, Phylactou M, et al. Melanocortin 4 receptor agonism enhances sexual brain processing in women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. J Clin Invest. 2022;132(19):e152341. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36189794/
[6] Borland JM, Kohut-Jackson AL, Peyla AC, Hall MA, Mermelstein PG, Meisel RL. Female Syrian hamster analyses of bremelanotide, a US FDA approved drug for the treatment of female hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Neuropharmacology. 2025;267:110299. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39793696/
[7] U.S. Food and Drug Administration / DailyMed. Bremelanotide Injection — US Prescribing Information. 2019. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=8c9607a2-5b57-4a59-b159-cf196deebdd9
[8] Shadiack AM, Sharma SD, Earle DC, Spana C, Hallam TJ. Melanocortins in the Treatment of Male and Female Sexual Dysfunction. Curr Top Med Chem. 2007;7(11):1137-1144. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17584134/
[9] Mayer D, Lynch SE. Bremelanotide: New Drug Approved for Treating Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Ann Pharmacother. 2020;54(7):684-690. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31893927/
[10] Edinoff AN, Sanders NM, Lewis KB, Apgar TL, Cornett EM, Kaye AM, Kaye AD. Bremelanotide for Treatment of Female Hypoactive Sexual Desire. Neurol Int. 2022;14(1):75-88. https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint14010006
[11] Hadley ME, Dorr RT. Melanocortin peptide therapeutics: historical milestones, clinical studies and commercialization. Peptides. 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2005.01.029
[12] Shadiack AM, Althof S. Preclinical effects of melanocortins in male sexual dysfunction. Int J Impot Res. 2008. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijir.2008.17
[13] Mavrych V, Shypilova I, Bolgova O. Therapeutic peptides in gerontology: mechanisms and applications for healthy aging. Front Aging. 2026. https://doi.org/10.3389/fragi.2026.1790247

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A cool cathode-blue reading desk for the PT-141 (bremelanotide) record — the one approved use, the modest measured benefit, and the nausea-led tolerability cost surfaced first and traced line by line to source, with the unverified field reports held off the lit panel and labeled plainly; a quiet instrument of the evidence, not a clinic, and nothing here dosed, sourced, or sold.